A practical reference on GHRH analog: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2026-06-10. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
CJC-1295 belongs to a family of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine amino acids of the natural human sequence, a fragment that retains full receptor binding capacity. Native growth hormone-releasing hormone is degraded quickly in circulation, so the fragment alone has limited practical value. Early work therefore focused on chemical modifications that preserve receptor binding while slowing enzymatic breakdown. The result is a molecule described in the literature as a long-acting analog of the natural hormone.
Two forms circulate under the CJC-1295 name, and they differ by a single appended group. The version without a drug affinity complex carries four substitutions along the peptide chain, including a D-alanine near the amino terminus and replacements at three other positions. These changes block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and remove a methionine residue that is prone to oxidation. The modified fragment is frequently labeled MOD GRF 1-29. Naming conventions are inconsistent across informal sources, which is a common source of confusion.
Two related peptides circulate under the CJC-1295 label, and they differ mainly in how long they persist in circulation. The version carrying a drug affinity complex includes a maleimidopropionic acid linker that forms a covalent bond with serum albumin. The other version, usually written as modified GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29), lacks that linker and is cleared quickly. Mixing the two produces inconsistent readings of published half-life values, because the linker rather than the receptor-facing sequence drives most of the difference.
The core sequence keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH while replacing four positions that are vulnerable to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and other proteases. Substitutions at positions 2, 8, 15, and 27 raise metabolic stability relative to the natural hormone. The N-terminal residues remain essential for activity, so changes there generally lower potency. Molecular weight sits near 3368 daltons for the tetrasubstituted analog without the linker, while the albumin-binding form is heavier because of the added maleimide group.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. Its sequence corresponds to the first twenty-nine residues of human GHRH, with four substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Early descriptions placed the compound in research on growth hormone deficiency and related conditions, and later literature groups it with the long-acting GHRH analogs. The name appears in both laboratory and popular fitness writing, where it sometimes labels chemically different peptides.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Class | Synthetic peptide | GHRH receptor agonist |
| Sequence length | 29 amino acids | Derived from human GHRH |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da without linker | Albumin-binding form is heavier |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Common form for research reference material |
| Typical storage | -20 °C or below, desiccated | Protect powder from light and moisture |
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Purity is most often assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reported as a percentage of total peak area. Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry, which yields a molecular ion consistent with the expected sequence. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide additional characterization. Reported purity values are method-dependent, so figures from different laboratories are not always directly comparable without details of column, gradient, and detection wavelength.
Peptide degradation proceeds mainly through hydrolysis, oxidation of methionine, and deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residues. The maleimide group on the albumin-binding variant can also react with thiols or hydrolyze in aqueous media. Because these pathways accelerate with temperature and pH extremes, handling conditions strongly influence measured stability. Stability data in the public literature are limited and often generated under differing conditions, so general statements about shelf life should be read as approximate.
Identity and purity are assessed mainly by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation resolves the target peptide from truncation products and from species carrying oxidised residues, while mass measurement confirms the expected molecular mass. Because the two common variants differ by roughly 280 daltons, a mass determination distinguishes them unambiguously. Purity is often quoted as a percentage of total peak area, although that figure depends on the detection wavelength and the integration method applied.
Reported half-lives differ widely between the two variants and between species. Values for the albumin-binding form are usually expressed in days, while the unconjugated form is measured in minutes to a few hours. Sampling schedules, assay sensitivity, and route of administration all influence the numbers, which limits direct comparison across studies. Whether sustained receptor occupancy produces different downstream effects from pulsatile stimulation remains an open question in the published work. Claims about relative potency should therefore be read alongside the specific study design that produced them.
Lyophilised powder is the usual supplied form. The material is hygroscopic, so vials are typically equilibrated to room temperature before opening in order to prevent condensation on the contents. Long-term storage is generally described at minus twenty degrees Celsius or colder, protected from light and moisture. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided because they promote aggregation and loss of soluble material. A reconstituted solution is considerably less stable than the dry powder and is normally kept refrigerated for short periods only.
=== HIV/AIDS === Baricitinib has been investigated for its potential to reduce the HIV reservoir and chronic inflammation in people infected with HIV. Preclinical studies in humanized mice and non-human primates have demonstrated that the drug can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach therapeutic concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS). In these models, baricitinib was associated with a reduction in cellular activation markers, lower frequencies of infected macrophages in the brain, and improvements in HIV-associated behavioral deficits. Research suggests that by blocking the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the drug may limit the survival of infected cells and prevent the reseeding of viral reservoirs in sanctuary sites like the CNS, which are often poorly reached by standard antiretroviral therapy (ART). As of 2025, baricitinib is currently being evaluated in multiple Phase II clinical trials to assess its safety and efficacy as an adjunctive therapy to ART. One primary area of focus is its ability to decrease or clear the CNS reservoir, with ongoing trials monitoring changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral DNA and neurocognitive function. Additional studies are examining its impact on systemic inflammation, cell survival pathways, and the delay of viral rebound during monitored treatment interruptions.
=== Light limitation === Brine pockets can form deep within sea ice where there is very low irradiance. Since snow and ice block and reflect incoming light, with deeper brine pockets experience more light limitation than shallower brine pockets. When salts in seawater become rejected during the ice formation, these salts can precipitate and accumulate within the ice, influencing the ability of light to pass through the ice. Given that more salts will precipitate with colder temperatures as brine becomes more concentrated, colder temperatures can result in a greater change to the optics of the ice as more salts accumulate. Lower light levels in brine pockets can impact the survivability of photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria and diatoms. These organisms have developed adaptations so that they can survive in this extremely light-limited environment.
In such isotopes, therefore, no neutron kinetic energy is needed, for all the necessary energy is supplied by absorption of any neutron, either of the slow or fast variety (the former are used in moderated nuclear reactors, and the latter are used in fast-neutron reactors, and in weapons). According to Younes and Loveland, "Actinides like 235U that fission easily following the absorption of a thermal (25 meV) neutron are called fissile, whereas those like 238U that do not easily fission when they absorb a thermal neutron are called fissionable."
== History and Synthesis == Phenoperidine was first synthesized in 1957 by Paul Janssen, of the company now known as Janssen Pharmaceutica, who was seeking better opioid pain-killers. His two prototype drugs were methadone and pethidine, each which had been invented in 1930s by Otto Eisleb, who worked for IG Farben. His initial work starting with methadone yielded dextromoramide in 1954. Janssen then turned to making pethidine analogues, due in part to the less complicated chemistry of the compound. During his explorations, he replaced the methyl group attached to the pethidine nitrogen with a phenylhydroxypropyl group, and this yielded phenoperidine, in 1957. Phenoperidine was determined to have decreased stability and enhanced lipophilicity compared to pethidine. Soon after, studies in mice showed that phenoperidine was over 100 times more potent than pethidine. In 1958, the same line of work yielded "one of the greatest advances of the 20th century psychiatry", haloperidol, as well as diphenoxylate, which lacked the opioid's analgesic properties but still stopped peristalsis in the intestines, a typical side effect of opioids; Janssen brought diphenoxylate to market as a drug to treat diarrhea. And through further advances, Janssen created fentanyl in 1960, which proved to be ten times more potent than phenoperidine.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Mangum co-founded the Melbourne Research Unit for Facial Disorders at the Royal Children's Hospital and the University of Melbourne. He was Peter Doherty Fellow and Head of the Translational Proteomics Laboratory from 2014 to 2020, contributing to fields including dental enamel research, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker discovery, and metastatic cancer resistance mechanisms. He has published over 30 peer-reviewed articles and is listed as inventor on more than 20 patents internationally. Mangum co-founded Incisive Technologies in 2012 and led the development of its lead product, BlueCheck™, from initial research through to GMP manufacturing and market clearance. He was Chief Executive Officer (2018–2021) and Chief Scientific Officer (2018–2024), overseeing regulatory strategy, manufacturing scale-up, clinical trials, and scientific marketing. He designed the company's ISO 13485–certified Melbourne facility and led successful funding rounds totalling over AUD $20 million.
=== Pregnancy and breastfeeding === Midazolam, when taken during the third trimester of pregnancy, may cause risk to the neonate, including benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, with possible symptoms including hypotonia, apnoeic spells, cyanosis, and impaired metabolic responses to cold stress. Symptoms of hypotonia and the neonatal benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome have been reported to persist from hours to months after birth. Other neonatal withdrawal symptoms include hyperexcitability, tremor, and gastrointestinal upset (diarrhea or vomiting). Breastfeeding by mothers using midazolam is not recommended.
18 October 2016: Astellas completes a clinical trial for Type-2 diabetes mellitus in Japan prior to October 2016 7 September 2016: Astellas Pharma plans a phase III trial for Type-1 diabetes mellitus (Combination therapy) in Japan 1 August 2016: Phase III clinical trials in type 1 diabetes mellitus (combination therapy) in Japan Ipragliflozin was also in development for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the U.S., Europe and other countries, and three phase II trials were completed in combination with metformin. This was since discontinued.
At branch points, two or more separate reactions compete for the same reactant. This affects the isotopic composition of all products downstream of the branch point. To illustrate this, consider the network below: Here, the flux of material into pool B (φAB) is balanced by two fluxes, one into pool C and the other into pool D (φBC and φBD respectively). The mass balance for the heavier isotope in this system is represented by
Throughout 1948 and 1949, the Việt Minh engaged in ambushes and sabotage of French convoys and infrastructure. Meanwhile, the French government was still looking for a political solution and major military operations stalled for a lack of manpower. With the triumph of the communists in China's civil war in October 1949, the Vietnamese communists gained a major political ally on their northern border, who supported them with advisers, weapons and supplies along with camps where new recruits were trained. Between 1950 and 1951, Giap re-organized his local forces into five full conventional infantry divisions, the 304th, 308th, 312th, 316th and the 320th. In January 1950, Ho's government gained recognition from China and the Soviet Union. Shortly after in February, the government of Bảo Đại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom. Along with Mao Zedong's victory in China, this gesture by the main Communist powers, played a part in shifting the US view of the war, which began to be seen as part of the global struggle against Communism. Starting in May, the United States began to provide military aid to France in the form of weaponry and military observers. In June 1950, the Korean War broke out between communist North Korea (DPRK) supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea (ROK) supported by the United States and its allies in the UN. The Cold War was turning 'hot' in East Asia, and the American government feared communist domination of the entire region would have deep implications for American interests.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Natural GHRH is degraded quickly by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and related enzymes, giving it a half-life measured in minutes. CJC-1295 carries substitutions that slow that breakdown, so it stays intact longer. Both act at the same pituitary receptor and produce the same class of signal.
The label was first attached to the albumin-binding form during early development work. A shorter analog without the linker later became known by the same name in informal use. Published papers normally state which version was studied, so the methods section resolves the ambiguity.
It is a synthetic peptide rather than a steroid, and it does not occur naturally in the body. Its sequence is derived from a hypothalamic hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone. It works as a receptor agonist rather than as a replacement for that hormone.
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.