The short version of IGF-1 fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-11-19 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
CJC-1295 is the name used for a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound was described by a Canadian drug discovery company in the mid-2000s as a long-acting research tool. Two closely related molecules share the name in practice: one carries a drug affinity complex, or DAC, group, and one does not. The distinction matters because the two behave differently in circulation.
The peptide backbone corresponds to GRF(1-29), the first 29 residues of native growth hormone-releasing hormone, which retains most of the receptor-activating activity of the full-length molecule. Four substitutions distinguish the analog from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes slow cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, the enzyme that degrades native hormone in plasma within minutes. The outcome is improved enzymatic stability combined with a still brief residence time when no additional modification is present.
Naming in this area is inconsistent, and readers should treat product labels with care. In much of the literature and in vendor catalogs, the unqualified term refers to the albumin-binding version, while the version lacking the DAC group appears as modified GRF(1-29), mod GRF(1-29), or the same name with a without-DAC qualifier. Because one abbreviation has been applied to both materials, the only reliable way to identify a sample is to check the stated sequence and the presence of the linker.
Once in circulation, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor displayed on pituitary somatotroph cells. Receptor activation couples to Gs proteins, elevates intracellular cyclic AMP, and drives protein kinase A signaling inside the cell. That cascade increases discharge of growth hormone into the bloodstream. The analog therefore operates through a receptor pathway that already exists for the body's own releasing hormone, rather than through an engineered artificial target.
Clearance profiles diverge sharply between the two versions. The albumin-binding molecule stays in plasma for several days, whereas the unmodified analog is largely gone within about half an hour in reported work. Cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a major contributor to the short life of the unmodified sequence. These gaps mean the two versions cannot be substituted for each other in study design or in reading results side by side.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | GHRH analog, not a steroid |
| Backbone length | 29 amino acids | Based on GRF(1-29) |
| Substitutions | Four positions | D-Ala2, Gln8, Ala15, Leu27 |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized research material |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29) | Usage varies between sources |
Lyophilized peptide powder is comparatively stable when kept dry, cold, and protected from light. Once dissolved, the molecule is vulnerable to deamidation, oxidation, and aggregation, with the rate depending on pH, buffer composition, and temperature. Alkaline conditions and repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate loss of the intact peptide. The methionine present in the native sequence is a known oxidation site, which is one reason it was replaced in the modified fragment. Suppliers typically recommend cold storage of solutions and use within a short window.
Analytical confirmation usually relies on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for purity and on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for identity. Mass data reveal the expected molecular mass and can flag truncated or oxidized species. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide sequence-level verification. Immunoassays are used in some biological matrices, but antibodies raised against one releasing-hormone analog may cross-react with another. Reported purity figures depend heavily on the method used, so comparisons between suppliers require matching the analytical approach.
Studies in this area generally track growth hormone pulses, insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, and occasionally body composition endpoints. Most published human data come from early, small trials, and questions about long-term effects remain open. Whether repeated exposure alters pituitary responsiveness over time is not settled. Analytical work relies on immunoassays for the hormones and on mass spectrometry for the peptide itself, because the two measurements answer different questions.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
The albumin-binding version stays in circulation for days, because covalent attachment to serum albumin shields the peptide from rapid filtration and degradation. Reported half-lives for this form fall in the range of several days. The version without the linker is cleared in minutes, with estimates often near thirty minutes in animal work. These figures come from small studies and vary with assay method, species, and route, so they are best read as approximate rather than fixed constants.
The dividing feature between the two forms is a maleimide-based drug affinity complex, abbreviated DAC. In the DAC-bearing version, a linker attaches the peptide to serum albumin after administration, and that association slows removal from plasma. The version lacking DAC appears in catalogs as MOD GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29). Because informal writing treats both as one item, comparisons drawn from such sources routinely blend measurements taken from two molecules with substantially different behavior.
Four amino acid substitutions separate the modified backbone from the parent GRF(1-29) sequence. These changes reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related proteases, extending the interval before degradation. Development work in this area sought longer-acting GHRH analogs for endocrine investigation. Published descriptions treat the substitution set as a defining property of the core sequence, while the albumin-binding linker is described separately as an optional addition to that same backbone.
=== Pharmacokinetics === Pharmacokinetic data collected from animal studies performed in mice and rats revealed an oral Tmax of 15 minutes, an area under the curve of 2.943 mg·hr·L−1, and an elimination half-life of 1.3 hours. Pharmacokinetic testing has been able to help explain the longer acting pharmacologic effects of osemozotan as well as its increased potency. Osemozotan was shown to have increased duration of pharmacologic effects compared to azapirones and requires a substantially lower dose to produce its pharmacologic effects. This result suggests that patients may not have to take the medication as often throughout the day. In these studies, there was a difference in dosage amount required for the intended indication. Osemozotan does not metabolize to 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (1-PP), a common metabolite found with the azapirone class of medications that has affinity for receptors other than the 5-HT1A receptor, thus decreasing its specificity and increasing the risk of unwanted effects. Since osemozotan does not produce this metabolite, it has greater specificity toward the 5-HT1A receptor when compared to other anxiolytic medications.
==== Men's Euro 2024 qualification ==== 27 March – Ireland 0–1 France. 16 June – Greece 2–1 Ireland. During the match in Athens, Greek supporters were asked repeatedly over the public address system to stop shining laser beams at the Irish footballers. 19 June – Ireland 3–0 Gibraltar. 7 September – France 2–0 Ireland. 10 September – Ireland 1–2 Netherlands. 13 October – Ireland 0–2 Greece. 16 October – Gibraltar 0–4 Ireland. 18 November – Netherlands 1–0 Ireland.
1292–1319: Dame Péronelle, French herbalist. 13th century Shen Yu Hsiu, Chinese chemist. fl. 1300 Gilette de Narbonne, French physician. Giovanni Boccaccio wrote of her in ‘’The Decameron’’, calling her ‘Donna Medica’; Alfred Duru and Henri Chivot wrote a comic opera about her called Gillette de Narbonne. f. 1307 Trotta da Toya, Napolitan physician. fl. 1308 Francisca di Vestis, Napolian physician. fl. 1309 Maria Gallicia, licensed surgeon. fl. 1313–1325: Ameline la Miresse, French physician. fl. 1318–1324: Adelmota of Carrara was a physician in Padua, Italy. fl. 1318: Alessandra Giliani, Italian anatomist. 1320: Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon. fl. 1322: Fava of Manosque, French-Jewish physician. fl. 1322: Jacobina Félicie, Italian physician. fl. 1326: Sara de Sancto Aegidio, French physician. fl. 1326: Sarah de St Giles, French-Jewish physician and medical teacher. fl. 1333: Constanza, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons. fl. 1333: Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician. fl. 1333: Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon. fl. 1333: Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician. fl. 1333: Margarita da Venosa, licensed Napolitan surgeon, who studied at the University of Salerno She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient. fl. 1333: Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons. fl. 1333: Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes fl.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Suicide ==== In studies in Sweden, flunitrazepam was the second most common drug used in suicides, being found in about 16% of cases. In a retrospective Swedish study of 1,587 deaths, in 159 cases benzodiazepines were found. In suicides when benzodiazepines were implicated, the benzodiazepines flunitrazepam and nitrazepam occurred in significantly higher concentrations compared to natural deaths. Of the 159 deaths where any benzodiazepines were found, 4 deaths were caused by benzodiazepines alone (in the other 155 cases, benzodiazepines were combined with something else). One conclusion of the study was that flunitrazepam and nitrazepam might be more toxic than other benzodiazepines available in the Swedish market.
Heavy metal contamination of land by industry. These can then be transported into water bodies and be taken up by living organisms such as animals and plants. PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) in large bodies of water contaminated by oil spills or leaks. Many of the PAHs are carcinogens and are extremely toxic. They are regulated by concentration (ppb) using environmental chemistry and chromatography laboratory testing. Nutrients leaching from agricultural land into water courses, which can lead to algal blooms and eutrophication. Urban runoff of pollutants washing off impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots, and rooftops) during rain storms. Typical pollutants include gasoline, motor oil and other hydrocarbon compounds, metals, nutrients and sediment (soil). Organometallic compounds. Radiochemicals.
== History == Jasons Market Place started its business in Singapore in 1975. It was introduced in Taiwan in 2003. In 2007, it opened in Hong Kong's Jardine's Lookout under the name "Market Place by Jasons". In 2012, Jasons Food Hall began operations in the Bangsar Shopping Centre, an upmarket shopping mall in the township of Bangsar, Malaysia, as a replacement for a Cold Storage store. Jasons Market Place in Taiwan was sold to Carrefour in 2020 and rebranded as Mia C'bon from 2022.
== Background == Even before the beginning of the war, the Mexican government showed its disapproval of fascist nations on multiple occasions. On November 6, 1935, Mexico joined the League of Nations economic blockades against the Kingdom of Italy for the invasion and subsequent annexation of the Ethiopian Empire. A few years later, on March 19, 1938, Mexico protested before the League of Nations against the violation of Austrian sovereignty after the Anschluss, whereas the United Kingdom, France, and the United States remained silent. The most famous case of Mexico's rejection of fascism was the recognition of the Spanish Republican government in exile. On June 17, 1939, the Mexican government withdrew its embassy from Spanish territory, leaving diplomatic affairs in the hands of the Cuban embassy. Since 1937, Spanish refugees (notably Republican supporters) had been arriving on Mexican shores and were received by the authorities in the Port of Veracruz, where ships loaded with Spaniards and some Jews persecuted in Europe by the Nazis arrived. During this period, Mexico's diplomatic relations with democratic nations were strained. Since the oil expropriation of 1938, the United Kingdom had broken off relations, and the United States maintained a commercial blockade against Mexico. In addition, the Soviet Union had withdrawn its ambassador since the Cardenista government gave political asylum to Leon Trotsky, who was a strong opponent of Joseph Stalin's regime.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Taiwan Society for Mass Spectrometry == The major awards of the Taiwan Society for Mass Spectrometry include the Taiwan Society for Mass Spectrometry Medal and the Outstanding Scholar Research Award.
The above equation (10b) makes clear the relationship between mass removal and clearance. It states that (with a constant mass generation) the concentration and clearance vary inversely with one another. If applied to creatinine (i.e. creatinine clearance), it follows from the equation that if the serum creatinine doubles the clearance halves and that if the serum creatinine quadruples the clearance is quartered.
=== Flowers and berries === When A. chilensis flowers at the end of spring, the white flowers are unisexual and small, eventually yielding a small edible fruit. The small purple-black berries that form are approximately 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) in diameter and contain 4 to 8 angled seeds. A seven-year-old tree can produce up to 10 kilograms (22 lb) of berries per year. With fruit that tastes similar to blackberries, the species is known as the Chilean wineberry, and locally in Spanish as maqui or maque.
=== Refrigeration === Supercritical carbon dioxide is also emerging as a useful high-temperature refrigerant, being used in new, CFC/HFC-free domestic heat pumps making use of the transcritical cycle. These systems are undergoing continuous development with supercritical carbon dioxide heat pumps already being successfully marketed in Asia. The EcoCute systems from Japan are some of the first commercially successful high-temperature domestic water heat pumps.
=== Principle and measurement methods === In the U.S., standard methods have been established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and another by U.S. OSHA. Each method uses a single component solvent; butanol and hexane cannot be sampled, however, on the same sample matrix using the NIOSH or OSHA method. VOCs are quantified and identified by two broad techniques. The major technique is gas chromatography (GC). GC instruments allow the separation of gaseous components. When coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) GCs can detect hydrocarbons at the parts per trillion levels. Using electron capture detectors, GCs are also effective for organohalide such as chlorocarbons. The second major technique associated with VOC analysis is mass spectrometry, which is usually coupled with GC, giving the hyphenated technique of GC-MS. Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs. PTR-MS is among the methods that have been used most extensively for the on-line analysis of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs. PTR-MS instruments based on time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been reported to reach detection limits of 20 pptv after 100 ms and 750 ppqv after 1 min. measurement (signal integration) time. The mass resolution of these devices is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a laboratory-made analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone. The natural hormone is a 44-residue peptide, while the analog is built on a shorter 29-residue fragment.
The original material included a linker that binds serum albumin. A later variant removed that linker to reduce the duration of action. Catalogs and papers did not consistently adopt separate names, so both remain widely labeled with the same term.
The amino acid sequence and the presence or absence of the linker group. Mass measured by spectrometry gives an independent check that separates the two forms.
It acts on the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor found on pituitary somatotroph cells. Activation of that receptor triggers growth hormone release through a cyclic AMP dependent pathway.