A practical reference on GHRH receptor: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
This page was last updated on 2025-10-08 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
Two forms circulate in research settings and are frequently confused. One carries the drug affinity complex and is often written as CJC-1295 with DAC; the other lacks that group and is usually called modified GRF(1-29). The two share the same core sequence but differ sharply in how long they persist in blood. Products labelled only as CJC-1295 normally refer to the version carrying the complex. Documentation that omits the distinction leaves the intended molecule ambiguous.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
The albumin-binding version stays in circulation for days, because covalent attachment to serum albumin shields the peptide from rapid filtration and degradation. Reported half-lives for this form fall in the range of several days. The version without the linker is cleared in minutes, with estimates often near thirty minutes in animal work. These figures come from small studies and vary with assay method, species, and route, so they are best read as approximate rather than fixed constants.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C152H252N44O42 | Cited for the form without the drug affinity complex |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da | Reported value for modified GRF(1-29) |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid as usually supplied |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and polar solvents | Clarity depends on purity and salt content |
| Typical storage | -20 C or below, dry | Protect from light and repeated warming cycles |
Peptide degradation proceeds mainly through hydrolysis, oxidation of methionine, and deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residues. The maleimide group on the albumin-binding variant can also react with thiols or hydrolyze in aqueous media. Because these pathways accelerate with temperature and pH extremes, handling conditions strongly influence measured stability. Stability data in the public literature are limited and often generated under differing conditions, so general statements about shelf life should be read as approximate.
Research material is normally supplied as a freeze-dried powder in sealed vials. In that state the peptide is comparatively robust, but prolonged exposure to warmth, moisture, or light accelerates degradation. Storage at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower, with desiccant and protection from light, is the commonly described practice. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to limit condensation on the powder. Moisture uptake during handling is a recognized source of variability in later measurements.
Reconstitution is typically performed with sterile water or bacteriostatic water, added slowly against the vial wall. The resulting solution should be clear and colorless; cloudiness or visible particles suggest a problem with the material or the diluent. Once in solution, the peptide is less stable than the dry powder. Refrigerated storage at two to eight degrees Celsius is common for short-term holding, while freezing aliquots is described for longer periods.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
At the pituitary, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone. Somatostatin and other hypothalamic signals modulate this response. Negative feedback from insulin-like growth factor 1 also influences output. The same regulatory architecture operates with the native hormone. Whether the synthetic analog alters feedback dynamics over repeated exposure remains an open question. Most published receptor work uses cell models rather than intact human systems.
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=== Other performance aspects === The evaluation of the performance cannot be considered complete without considering the limit of detection, the range of linear response and the signal reproducibility. EI is known as a low-efficiency ionization technique. Because less than 1/10 000 of the gas-phase sample molecules are ionized, impressive detection limits cannot be expected. However, the efficient interfacing mechanism of this interface allows picogram-level detection limit in selected ion monitoring (SIM) for most substances. On the other hand, soft ionization techniques such as ESI are, in some cases, far more efficient but generate fewer fragment ions. The cost of this attitude is paid in terms of structural information so that a second analyzer to generate MS/MS spectra is an obligation. A typical EI spectrum, in general, has extensive structural information, and a cheaper, single-stage mass spectrometer might be sufficient for analyte characterization or identification. As a rule of the thumb, nanogram-level sensitivity is obtained in full-scan mode for most substances. Linearity and reproducibility are two point of strength of the interface. Up to four orders of magnitude linearity with RSD lower than 10% are common values in many applications.
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Sources: en.wikipedia.org
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The Commission was... unanimous in its recommendation that the separation of all areas inhabited by the German-Bohemians would not only expose Czechoslovakia to great dangers but equally create great difficulties for the Germans themselves. The only practicable solution was to incorporate these Germans into Czechoslovakia. Several German minorities according to their mother tongue in Moravia, including German-speaking populations in Brno, Jihlava and Olomouc, also attempted to proclaim their union with German Austria. In sum, the Czechs rejected the aspirations of the German Bohemians and demanded the inclusion of the lands inhabited by ethnic Germans in their state, on the grounds that they had always been part of the lands of the Bohemian Crown. These lands were in some instances more than 90% (as of 1921) ethnically German, which made the whole of Czechoslovakia 23.4% German. The Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919 affirmed the inclusion of the German-speaking territories within Czechoslovakia. Over the next two decades, some Germans in the Sudetenland continued to strive for a separation of the regions from Czechoslovakia. According to Elizabeth Wiskemann, despite the initial resistance to the Czechoslovak rule, the Sudeten German population was not entirely opposed to annexation by Czechoslovakia. Sudeten economy and industry relied on the rest of Bohemia, and local industrialists were afraid of "Reich German competition and therefore of the talk of handing them over".
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Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Generic names === Cyclofenil is the English generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, and BANTooltip British Approved Name.
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Synthetic biology generally falls under existing regulations for GMOs and biotechnology in general, and any regulations that exist for downstream commercial products, although there are generally no regulations in any jurisdiction that are specific to synthetic biology.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.
No regulatory agency has approved CJC-1295 for clinical use. Human trials were conducted in the 2000s, but the development programme was discontinued before any marketing application succeeded. Material sold today is offered as a research chemical, and its purity depends on the supplier.
Sermorelin is an unmodified fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone and is cleared quickly. CJC-1295 contains substitutions that resist breakdown, and the form with a drug affinity complex persists much longer. Both act at the same receptor but differ substantially in duration of action.
Reported values cluster in the range of several days, reflecting slow release from the albumin complex. Estimates differ across species and assay platforms. The figure describes circulation time in study settings rather than a fixed property.